However, most self-selected diets contain less than 50 mcg per day, which is below the minimum of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake established by the National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board. Meats and unrefined whole grain cereal products, especially bran, are good sources of chromium. can vary considerably depending on eating habits. The typical dietary chromium intake in the U.S. Tissues retain anywhere from 2 to 8 times more chromium from chromium picolinate compared to chromium chloride. Studies have demonstrated that chromium picolinate has a bioavailability comparable to that of chromium polynicotinate, and higher than that of chromium chloride. Chromium absorption is typically less than 2% efficient and variable depending on its chemical form. Chromium appears to act by increasing insulin binding, insulin receptor numbers, and rate of insulin receptor phosphorylation. Studies have shown that supplemental chromium may be useful for the maintenance of healthy blood sugar. Studies show chromium supplementation can improve mood, reduce cravings, improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood glucose levels, and improve binge eating and depression symptoms. Adequate chromium nutrition is essential for the formation of GTF and subsequent control of blood glucose levels. Chromium picolinate is a nutritional supplement derived by combining chromium and picolinic acid. Although many attempts have been made to isolate or synthesize natural GTF, none have been entirely successful. GTF has been proposed to be a complex of chromium, nicotinic acid (vitamin B-3), and possibly the amino acids glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid. The biologically active form of chromium, sometimes called glucose tolerance factor (GTF), occurs naturally in brewer’s yeast. Chromium is an essential trace mineral that potentiates insulin action and thus influences carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
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